Work, Life and Leisure...... Part II

1.Who developed the concept of garden city?
Ans. Ebenezer Howard

2. Bombay became the capital of Bombay presidency?
Ans. 1819

3. Name one factor that changed the form of urbanization in the modern world.
Ans.Industrialization

4. Who wrote the book “The Bitter Cry of Out Cast London” in the 1880’s?
Ans. Andrew Mearns
5. What was the reason for not providing mass housing schemes for
the workers?
Ans. Concern for the poor

6. Which movie did Dadasaheb Phalke make?
Ans. Raja Harishchandra

7. Bombay at first was under control of which colonial country?
Ans.Portuguese

8. Which cities has developed in a planned manner?
Ans Singapore

9.Which factoris not responsible for urbanization?
Ans. Rise of prices

10.What was the observation of Social Survey on London
conducted by Charles Booth in 1887?
Ans.Need to rebuild 4,00,000 rooms to house its poor citizens.

11. What was introduced in 1853 in London to enable the suburban people to commute to their Place of work?
Ans.Underground railway

12. Why was there heavier smog in Calcutta than in other cities in the northern India?
Ans. The city had a large population who depended on dung or
wood as fuel.
The city was built on a marshy land.
The city had more industrial units.

13.Which factor changed the pattern of urbanization ?
Ans. Industrialization

14. Why was Baron Haussmann well-known?
Ans For rebuilding the city of Paris.

15.Which statements best explain death.
Ans. Death due to lack of oxygen

16. What was the demand of Chartist movement?
Ans. Voting right for all adult male

17.Who designed the city of New Ears Wick ?
Ans.Barry Parker

18.Suffrage means
Ans. The right to vote

19.What was referred by ‘10 hour movement’ ?
Ans. A movement for - Limiting work hours in factories

20.Multi functional city with ports, museum,harbor and library etc.
Ans. Presidency city

21.The pollution caused by the combination of smoke and fog is
called as:-
Ans. Smog

22. In 1886 riot, what was the main demand of the workers ?
Ans. Relief from terrible conditions of poverty.

23. After which event did Bombay become the capital of Bombay
Presidency?
Ans. Defeat of the Maratha’s in the third Anglo Maratha war in
1819.

24. What was the function of Bengal smoke Nuisance commission?
Ans. Controlling domestic and industrial smoke

25.The first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation was
Ans. Calcutta

26 .ln 1864 what project was taken up by Back Bay Reclamation
Co.?
Ans. A project to level the hills to make Malabar Hills

27 .Between 1914-1918 which agency built the dry dock in Bombay?
Ans. Bombay Port Trust

28 .Who is the God of creation?
Ans. Brahma

29.Name the author of 'Debganer Martye Aagaman'.
Ans. Durgacharan Ray

Q 1. Why was the land reclamation in Bombay necessary ? Mention any two land reclamation projects taken up in Bombay.

1. Bombay was a mult- functional Presidency city of the British in India and expanded rapidly from late 19th century. 
2. Its population increased from 644, 405 in 1872 and grew to grew 15,00,000 in 1941. 
3. Bombay became the capital city of Bombay Presidency in 1819. 
4. It became a major administrative centre. 
5. The growing commercial needs made reclamation of Bombay necessary.
6. The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
7. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay port Trust which built a dry dock and used the excavated earth to create Ballard Estate and thus the famous Marine Drive was developed.

Q2. Explain how Europeans overcame the problem of shortage of labour willing to work for wages in Africa. 

1. European employers in Africa adopted various measures to recruit and retain labour.
2. They  imposed heavy taxes which could be paid only by  working for wages in plantation and duties.
3. The  inheritance laws were changed to displace the peasants  from their lands.
4. Mine workers were confined in compounds and were not allowed to move about freely.

Q 3. What was the tradition of London Season? Explain  different forms of entertainment came up in 19th century England to provide leisure activities for the people?

1. Several cultural events such as the opera, the theatre and classical musical performances were organised for the elite group of 300-400 familieS in the late 18th century. 
2. The working classes met in pubs to have a drink or to change news. 
3. Large scale entertainment for the common people started with money from the state and Libraries, Art galleries and museums were established.

Q 4. Explain any three reasons for which the population of London City expanded over the nineteenth century.

1. Between 1810 and 1880 the population of London multiplied four fold. 
2. London became a powerful centre for migration of population even it did not have large factories. 
3. London became a city of clerks, shopkeepers, small traders, skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, soldiers and servants, casual labourer, street seller and beggars. 
4. There was a dockyard where many people earned livelihood. 
5. People came to the city looking for jobs. 
6. Five major types of industries which employed large number of people were clothing and footwear,wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches,objects of precious metals.

Q 5. Why is Mumbai (Bombay) known as the City of Dreams ?  Give three reasons.

1. Bombay being over crowded and with its difficult living conditions  it appears to many as mayanagari or a city of dreams.
2. Thousands of people came here every year looking for bright career in film industry. 
3. Bombay films produced an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality of slums and stars bungalows. 
4. The first movie was made in 1896. Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra in 1913. 
5. By 1925 Bombay had become India’s film capital was producing films for the national audience. 
6. Millions of rupees were invested and by 1987 the film industry employed large number of people estimated as 520,000.

Q 6. How is urban development directly related to the cost of ecology and environment ? Explain with examples of industrial cities of England in the nineteenth century.

1. The development of cities occurred at the expense of ecology and environment.
2. Natural features were flattened out in response to the growing 
3. demand for space for factories housing and other institutions.
4. Large quantities of waste and refuse polluted air and water. Excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
5. The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in 19th century. 
6. England raised serious problems. 
7. In industrial cities of Leeds, Manchester and Bradford factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies. 
8. Skies used to look grey due to smoke.
9. The black fog that descended on the towns caused smoke related diseases and dirty clothes.

Q 7. How far was underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in 19th century?

1. The London underground railway solved housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from London.
2. People who wanted to live in garden suburbs an work in the city could use underground railway.
3. Thus,underground railway was means of transport to thousands of people and it also solved the housing problem to some extent.

Q 8. What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid 19th century? Explain.

1. Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the defeat of the Maratha's by the British.
2. As the trade in opium and other trade grew large communities of bankers, traders, skilled artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. 
3. Another important reason for the expansion of Bombay was the establishment of textile mills which also led to a fresh surge in migration.

Q9. Mention the steps taken to clean up London.

1. Following steps were taken to clean up London:
2. Steps were taken to de-congest localities.
3. To have more green spaces or green belts.
4. To adopt measures to prevent or reduce pollution.
5. Landscaping the city by planting more trees and plants. 
6. Planning poor people’s houses, etc.

Q 10. Describe the Bombay fort area.

1. In 19th century Bombay’s fort area formed the heart of the city
2. The area was interspersed with gardens and was divided into nativetown where most of the Indians lived and the European or White section where the white people lived.
3. An industrial zone as well as European suburb developed to the north of the Fort settlement area and a cantonment in the south.
4. This racial pattern was true of all Presidency cities under British rule.

Q 11. What is a ‘Chawl in Bombay? With which kind of London housing can these be compared ? How are these similar?

1. Chawls are multstoreyed structures which are divided into smaller one room tenements without any private toilets.
2. These are the houses of the urban poor in Bombay mostly owned by private landlords.
3. Chawls were used to make quick money.
4. Many families could reside in every chawl. 
5. Chawls could be compared to tenements of London which were also small apartments built for the poor workers of London.

Q 12. Examine the effects of air pollution on Calcutta.

1. Calcutta suffered from air pollution and the inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in winter.
2. As the city was built on marshy land the resulting fog combined with smoke produced thick black smog.
3. High level of pollution was the result of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
4. Smoke from the chimneys of industrial units in addition to smoke from steam engines of trains polluted the city further.

Q 13. By whom was the concept of a Garden City first developed ? What were the main features of the proposed Garden City?

1. The concept of a Garden City was first developed by an architect and planner named Ebenezer Howard 
2. To him the Garden City would be a pleasant place full of plants and trees, where people live and work.
3. He believed this would produce better quality citizens. 
4. There would be a common garden, spaces and beautiful views.

Q 14. How does urbanization pose a threat to environment?

1. Urbanization always takes place at the cost of ecology and environment.
2. Growing demand for space required for factories, houses and institution, are provided only by clearing forest, cutting trees and flattening ground. This spoils the natural environment and habitat.
3. Large quantities of waste products polluted air and water while excessive noise caused noise pollution both in London as well as Bombay.
4. Widespread use of coal in homes and industries, smoke from chimneys of factories and homes throw black smoke into the atmosphere causing breathing problems and diseases.
5. Tuberculosis was common disease among factory workers in big industrial cities in 19th century.

Q 15. How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following people? Explain with historical examples.

(a) A private landlord.
(b) A police superintendent in charge of law and order.
(c) A leader of a Political party.

a.As the urbanization began people began to migrate to cities in search of jobs. The private landlord suffered due to shortage of labour.

b.Urbanization led to the rise of crime rate in cities. Many people earned their livelihood by stealing and through other crimes. The police superintendent who was incharge of law and order found it difficult to check the crimes.

C. Large urban population had led to the increase in number of constituencies. The leader of the political parties became busy to get the popular vote from the constituencies.

Q 16. How did the city development occurs at the cost of ecology and environment?

1. In the name of development natural features were flattened out or transformed due to the growing demand for space for factories and other institutions.
2. Large quantities of refuse waste products used by the people in the cities polluted air and water, while excessive noise lead to noise pollution. 
3. With development of industries railways came the use of coal which caused serious problems to industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester. 
4. In these industrial cities, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies.
5. These cities grew up believing that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black.

Q 17. Describe in brief the development cf Bombay (Mumbai) as the ‘Prime City’ of India.

1. Need was felt for additional commercial space which led to the formulation of various plans both by government and private companies, for reclamation of more land from sea.
2. At first Bombay was just a part in the western India and acted as a major outlet for cotton textile from Gujarat. By end of 19th century it became a major industrial centre.
3. Originally Seven islands were joined into one landmass.
4. The government approved plan of building a high wall to prevent the flooding of the areas of Bombay. 
5. Need was felt for additional commercial space which led to the formulation of various plans both by government and private companies, for reclamation of more land from sea.
6. In 1864 Back Bay Reclamation company won the right to reclaim fore shore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba.
7. By the end of 19th century the city had extended to about 22 sq. miles. Population also increased.
8. A successful reclamation project was started by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914—18 and on the excavated land created the Ballard Estate followed by the building of Marine Drive of Bombay.