Federalism........ Part II

Q 6. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

• Similar Feature : Like in Belgian federalism, in Indian federalism also constitutional powers are given to the regional and local governments.
• Different Feature: Unlike Belgian federalism, in Indian federalism regional and local government  are dependent on the central government for finance and other matters of national importance.

Print Culture and the Modern World..................Part II

Q 10. What were the features of Gutenberg Printing Press?

• Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate. 
• From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. 
• He learnt the art of polishing stones and became a master goldsmith acquired the expertise to create lead moulds.
• These moulds were used for making trinkets. 
• Drawing on this knowledge Gutenberg adapted technology to design his innovation.
• The olive press provided the model for the printing press,and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
• By 1448 Gutenberg perfected the system. 
• The first book he printed was the Bible. 
• About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. 
• By the standards of the time this was fast production.

Print Culture and the Modern World...........Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS

The First Printed Books

Print Comes to Europe

The Print Revolution and Its Impact

The Reading Mania

The Nineteenth Century

India and the World of Print

Religious Reform and Public Debates

New Forms of Publication

Print and Censorship

Novels, Society and History........Part II

Q 18. By whom was ‘Godan’ written ? What does the novel narrate?
‘Godan’ Published in 1936 is considered to be the best known work of Munshi Premchand

• It is an Outstanding novel depicting the life of the Indian Peasantry. 
• The novel tells the moving story of Hori and his wife Dhania, a Peasant couple. 
• Landlords, money lenders priests and colonial bureaucrats—all those who hold power in society-form a network of oppression, rob their land and turn them into landless laborers.
• Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity till the end.

Novels, Society and History........ Part I

Summary of the Topics 

The Rise of the Novel
The Novel Comes to India
Novels in the Colonial World
Women and the Novel
The Nation and its History

Federalism...... Grade X

Summary Of The Topics

What is federalism?
What makes India a federal country?
How is federalism practiced?
Decentralisation in India

Work, Life and Leisure...... Part II

1.Who developed the concept of garden city?
Ans. Ebenezer Howard

2. Bombay became the capital of Bombay presidency?
Ans. 1819

3. Name one factor that changed the form of urbanization in the modern world.
Ans.Industrialization

Power sharing ........... Grade X

Summary Of The Topics

Belgium and Sri Lanka
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
Accommodation in Belgium
Forms of power sharing

Work, Life and Leisure........ Part I

SUB TOPICS OF THE CHAPTER

Characteristics of the City
Social Change in the City
Politics in the City
The City in Colonial India
Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

I. Answer the following questions:-

Q 1. What were the characteristic features of cities?

1. Cities vary greatly in size and complexity. 
2. They can be densely settled modern-day metropolises which combine  support very large populations. 
3. Cites were often the centers of political power,administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity.
4. They supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
5. They can also be smaller urban centers with limited functions.

Work, Life and Leisure...... Power Point Presentation

Work, Life and Leisure....... Power Point Presentation from ssh09

The Making Of The Global World...Part II

Q 15. How did Indentured workers discover their own ways of survival?

1. Workers discovered their own ways of surviving. 
2. Many of them escaped into the wilds and if caught they faced severe punishment.
3. Others developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blending with  different cultural forms, old and new. 
4. In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ (for Imam Hussain) in which workers of all races and religions joined. 
5. The protest religion of Rastafarianism (made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley) also  reflects social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.

Making Of The Global World......... Power Point Presentation

The Making of a Global World...Power Point Presentation from ssh09

French Revolution Power point Presentation

The French-Revolution from ssh09

The Making of a Global World....Part I

THE SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN

The Pre-modern World
The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
The Inter-war Economy
Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era

The French Revolution......... Part III

Q 17." The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror". Explain.
The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror because:- 

1. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods – were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. 
2. If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.
3. Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices.

The French Revolution...............Part II.........Grade IX

Q9. The assembly of the Estates General denied entry to which sections of French Society?

On what principle was voting conducted in the Estates General? 

What was the demand of third estate members? 

1.   Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly of the Estates General.

2.   Each Estate having one vote, was the principle on which voting was conducted in the Estates General.

3.   Members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. 

4.   This was one of the democratic principles put forward by philosophers like Rousseau in his book The Social Contract. 

5.   When the king rejected this proposal, members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

The French Revolution.............Part I....... Grade IX

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN:

French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century
The Outbreak of the Revolution
France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
Did Women have a Revolution?
The Abolition of Slavery
The Revolution and Ever

Money and Credit........................Part II. Extra Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions

Q 1. Give the meaning and functions of money.

Ans.Meaning of money: Money may be anything chosen by common consent as a medium of exchange and measure of value.

Functions of money:

  I. Primary functions:
  a Medium of exchange 

  b Medium of value

  
  II. Secondary functions:

  a Store of value 
  b Standard of pending payments 
  c Transfer of value

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT II CLASS-X SOCIAL SCIENCE-

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS

FOR 3 AND 5 MARKS I HAVE ONLY GIVEN SHORT POINTS PLEASE EXPLAIN THE POINTS

I. Answer the MCQs.

Q 1 .By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?

(a) Treaty of Versailles

(b) Act of Union

(c) Treaty of Paris

(d) Treaty of Vienna 

Peasants and Farmers......................Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN:

The Coming of Modern Agriculture in England
Bread Basket and Dust Bowl
The Indian Farmer and Opium Production

Introduction  
Peasants and Farmers, this topic is focused on three different countries:-
The small cottagers in England, 
The wheat farmers of the USA,
The opium producers of Bengal. 
You will learn what happens to different rural groups with the coming of modern agriculture; what happens when different regions of the world are integrated with the capitalist world market. 

Working of Institutions...................Part III

Q7. Write a note on Prime Minister and his Council of ministers.

1. Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country.
2. The President appoints the Prime Minister.
3. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister.
4. In case no single party or alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support. 
5. The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. 
6. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.
7. The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. 
8. The Ministers are from the party or the coalition that has the majority in the Lok Sabha. 
9. The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers, as long as they are members of Parliament.

Working of Institutions...................Part II

Q4. What are the powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?

1. The Parliament consists of two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). 
2. The President of India is a part of the Parliament, but not a member of either House.  
3. All laws made in the Houses come into force only after they receive the assent of the President

Working of Institutions...................Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 

HOW IS A MAJOR POLICY DECISION TAKEN? 
PARLIAMENT
POLITICAL EXECUTIVE
THE JUDICIARY

Electoral Politics..........Part IV

Q8.What is "Nomination of candidate"? What are the directions introduced by  the Supreme Court for the candidates while filling the nomination form.

1. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. 
2. Party’s nomination is called party ‘ticket’. 
3. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a ‘nomination form’ and give some money as ‘security deposit.

As per the directions introduced by the Supreme Court every candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of :

Electoral Politics..........Part III

Q6.What is meant by reserved constituency? Why the Constitution makers, feel the need of it in India? 

1. Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes [SC] and Scheduled Tribes [ST]. 
2. In a SC and ST reserved constituency only someone who belongs to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes can contest elections. 
3. In the Lok Sabha, 84 seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes and 47 for the Scheduled Tribes.
4. This number is in proportion to their share in the total population.
5. Thus the reserved seats for SC and ST do not take away the legitimate share of any other social group.
6. This system of reservation was extended to other weaker sections at the district and local level. 
7. In many states, seats in rural (panchayat) and urban (municipalities and corporations) local bodies are now reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBC) as well.
8. The proportion of seats reserved varies from state to state. 
9. Similarly, one-third of the seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women candidates. 

Electoral Politics..........Part II

Q4. What is general election and by election?

1. After five years the term of all the elected representatives comes to an end. 
2. The Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha stands‘dissolved’. 
3. Elections are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day or within a few days. 
4. This is called a general election. 
5. Sometimes election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or resignation of a member.
6. This is called a by-election.

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS GRADE IX Electoral Politics..........Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN:

WHY ELECTIONS?
Why do we need elections?
What makes an election democratic?
Is it good to have political competition?

WHAT IS OUR SYSTEM OF ELECTIONS?
Electoral constituencies 
Reserved Constituencies
Voter's list
Nomination of candidates
Election Campaign
Polling and counting of votes

BEST WISHES TO GRADE XII AND X

Dear students I extend my best wishes to all the students of grade XII and X  for Board Exams . May god bless you all.

MONEY AND CREDIT..................Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 

MONEY AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE
MODERN FORMS OF MONEY
LOAN ACTIVITIES OF BANKS
TWO DIFFERENT CREDIT SITUATIONS
TERMS OF CREDIT
FORMAL SECTOR CREDIT IN INDIA
SELF-HELP GROUPS FOR THE POOR

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY................Part III

Q11.What are the functions of WTO?

1. World Trade Organisation's aim is to liberalise international trade .
2. WTO was started at the initiative of the developed countries. 
3. WTO establishes rules regarding international trade,and sees that these rules are obeyed.
4. 149 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO
   (2006).
5. WTO promotes free trade by abolishing trade barriers.
6. It seeks to resolve the trade disputes.
7. It enhances trade competition between the countries.

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY................Part II

Q7. What is Globalisation?

1. Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
2. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries. 
3. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back.
4. Besides the movements of goods, services, investments and technology, the countries are also  connected through the movement of people between countries. 
5. Peopl move from one country to another in search of better income, better jobs or better education.
6. The Globalisation is the result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade
7. It has resulted in the  greater integration of production and markets across countries.

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY................Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN:

PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES
INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES
FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?
FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA
THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALISATION 

Popular Struggles and Movements.................Part III

Q9."In a democracy several different kinds of organisations work behind any big struggle and influence the decision." Explain.

1. In a democracy several different kinds of organisations work behind any big struggle.These organisations play their role in two ways.  
2. By influencing the decisions in a democracy through direct participation in competitive politics. This is done by creating parties, contesting elections and forming governments. 
3. But every citizen does not participate directly as they may not have the desire, the need or the skills to take part in direct political activity other than voting.
4. Therefore people can also participate indirectly and make  governments to listen to their demands or their point of view by forming an organisation or by undertaking activities to promote their interest or their viewpoint. 
5. These are called interest groups or pressure groups.
6. Sometimes people can also decide to act together without forming organisations.

Popular Struggles and Movements.................Part II

Q5. What does the term BAMCEF signify? Mention its two objectives.

1. The term BAMCEF  signifies Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation 
2. It is an organisation  made up of government employees that campaigns against caste discrimination. 
3. It addresses the problems of its members who suffer discrimination.   
4. Its principal concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

Popular Struggles and Movements.................Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN:
 
Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia
Mobilisation and organisations
Pressure groups and movements

I. Answer the following questions : 

Political Parties.............Part III

Q11. What are the steps taken by the government to reform political parties?

1. The Constitution has been amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. 
2. This was done because many elected representatives were indulging in DEFECTION in order to become ministers or for cash rewards.
3. Now the law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature. This new law has helped bring defection down. 
4. The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals and  it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an AFFIDAVIT giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
5. The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.
6. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution,
   to have an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of party disputes, to hold open elections to the highest posts.
7. It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.
8. There should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party. 
9. There should be state funding of elections. 
10. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. 
11. The support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.

Political Parties.............Part II

Q5. What is a National Party?

1. A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.

Q6. What is State Party?

1. A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party.

Political Parties.............Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 

Why do we need political parties?

How many parties should we have?

National political parties

State parties

Challenges to political parties

How can parties be reformed?

Outcomes of Democracy........Part II

Q5.How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government by: 
Accountable government

1. Ensuring that people  have the right to choose their rulers and people have control over the rulers.
2. Citizens should be able to participate in decision making that affects them all.
3. Citizens also have an effective right to evaluate the decision making process.

Outcomes of Democracy..............Part I

Q1.Why is democracy  considered  a better form of government than other forms? 
Democracy is considered a better form of government than other forms because: 

1. Promotes equality among citizens.
2. Enhances the dignity of the individual.
3. Improves the quality of decision making.
4. Provides a method to resolve conflicts.
5. Allows room to correct mistakes.

Challenges to Democracy.................Part II

Q3."Legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy". Explain with example.

1. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
2. Any legal change must produce positive effect on politics as sometimes the results may be counter-productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. 
3. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended. 
4. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. 
5. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working.
6. The best laws are which empower people to carry out democratic reforms for example:
7. The Right to Information Act is  a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of democracy.
8. Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.

Challenges to Democracy.................Part I

Q1. Describe the broad challenges to democracy.

A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.Different countries face different kinds of challenges such as:
Foundational challenge:

1. In Non democratic countries making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government.  
2. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Nationalism in India .................Part III

Q17. Explain the reasons for relaunching the Civil disobedience Movement by Gandhiji.

Civil disobedience Movement was relaunched  by Gandhiji because:

1. Failure of talks at 2nd  Round Table conference and Gandhiji was disappointed.
2. Country was going through unrest. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dock workers in 1932.
3. Peasants were facing high taxation and poverty.
4. The government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to preventmeetings, demonstrations and boycotts.

Nationalism in India .................Part II

 Dear students map work for Nationalism in India
Outline Political Map of India
Nationalism in India – (1918 – 1930).
1. Indian National Congress Sessions :-
    Calcutta (Sep. 1920)
    Nagpur (Dec. 1920)
    Madras,(1927)
    Lahore (1929)

Nationalism in India...............Part I

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 

The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

Differing Strands within the Movement

Towards Civil Disobedience

The Sense of Collective Belonging

ECONOMICS........CHAPTER 5 : CONSUMER RIGHTS

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 


THE CONSUMER IN THE MARKETPLACE
CONSUMER MOVEMENT
CONSUMER RIGHTS
TAKING THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT FORWARD

The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

SUMMARY OF THE TOPICS  ON WHICH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ARE GIVEN: 

Emerging from the Shadow of China 
The Dilemma of Colonial Education 
Hygiene, Disease and Everyday Resistance 
Religion and Anti-colonialism
The Vision of Modernisation 
The Communist Movement and Vietnamese Nationalism 
The Nation and Its Heroes 
The End of the War